Category: English 10

Geoffrey Chaucer was an English writer and poet.  His works were so acclaimed that he was given the title “father of English poetry” or “father of English literature.”  This week in class, I read one of Chaucer’s most popular and praised works: The Canterbury Tales.  In this essay, I am going to talk about one of the stories I read this week called “The Pardoner’s Tale.”

The story started with a man who was pretending to be a pardoner (a person who pardons the sins of people).  He was a con man trying to separate people from their money.  One night, the pardoner was carrying a dead body to its grave and three drunks from a nearby pub spotted him.  They asked the pardoner what happened to the dead man.  The pardoner spun a long and intricate story about how death came and stole the man’s life. 

The three drunks decided to swear an oath to find and kill death and to protect each other like brothers.  When the three drunks set off for their journey, they run into an elderly man.  This man had a hood over his head, obscuring his face from the view of the three drunks.  The man told the drunks that death had refused to take him, which led the drunks to believe that the man knew where death was.  They demanded to know the location of death, and the old man told them to an oak tree.

When the three of them reached the oak, they found bundles of money under the tree.  When they saw this money, they decided to stop at the oak and go no further in their adventure, breaking the oath they made.  Once they made themselves comfortable, they pulled lots to see who should go into town and steal bread and wine.  The youngest of the three was sent into town, but while he was away, the other two plotted a way to kill him so they could split the money two ways instead of three.  Meanwhile, the youngest man was planning to poison the other two men so we could get all the gold for himself.  This is them breaking the second part of their oath, which was to protect each other like brothers.

In the end, all three died and no one got the money.

It seemed that the point of the story was Chaucer trying to show how foolish the practice of pardoners was.

One thing to note, was how random the sudden appearance of the elderly man was.  I have noticed that in stories written during Chaucer’s time (12^th and 13^th century), that authors would add insignificant characters only to move the story along. 

However, the elderly man did not seem like one of these insignificant characters.  A theory, is that the man was death, hence his hooded face and his comment on how “death will not take him.”  Perhaps death will not take him because he is death.

With the Pardoner’s Tale, Chaucer may have been trying to prove a point, but I feel that it may have gotten lost in how long the story was.  It was an entertaining story to read, but I had more fun trying to figure out who the old man was than trying to understand the meaning of the story.

Thanks for reading!

This week in class, I finished reading The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio.  The book is a compilation of stories, split into two parts, which were set during the Black Plague.  In this essay, I am going to talk about which part of The Decameron was more gripping to read.

The first part of The Decameron is a compilation of stories set during the time of the Black Plague.  The passages are short and easy to read.  Historians have even confirmed that some events described in the stories were historically accurate and not completely embellished by Boccaccio.  I would not describe the stories as “gripping”, but they were certainly interesting to read.

However, the second part was less interesting and felt like a poorly executed attempt by of trying to get people to understand Boccaccio’s views through convoluted stories.  Every story mocked or bashed the Christian religion in subtle ways.  The stories felt ridiculous and illogical.  While I understand that Boccaccio was aiming for fictional stories, the stories in the second part of The Decameron felt too senseless to count as good fiction.  However, I have to admit that the pure silliness of some stories were quite entertaining to read through.  Perhaps that was Boccaccio’s goal for the second part of The Decameron.

As you can see, The Decameron was an interesting book to read for the course.  Personally, I did not feel “gripped” by any of the stories.  Some were interesting and entertaining to read, while others felt a little dull.

Thanks for reading!

The Decameron is a book of stories about the Black Plague that was written by Giovanni Boccaccio in the 14^th century.  Boccaccio supposedly wrote the book to show the effects of the plague, but majority of the stories in the book are from his imagination.  In this essay, I am going to show how a reader could have learned about Boccaccio’s worldview from the stories in the book.

For some background, the book was published in 1353, only a year after the plague ended.  During the plague, it seemed that all morals went out the window.  People would abandon their families so they could live to see another day.  Popes and friars, who were expected to protect the people, abandoned their towns so they could escape the plague.  People lost faith in God.  They no longer felt like God was protecting them.  Christianity started to lose the affect it once had on people.  Even when the plague ended, the faith people once had in Christianity was no longer there.  It was very obvious that Boccaccio was part of the majority who no longer believed in God or Christainity.

The first story starts with seven young women who lived during the Black Plague.  They were in Church together and were complaining to one another about how dreadful home life was because all of their maids or servants had contracted the plague or ran away out of fear.  Together, they decided to spend the day at the abandoned cottage outside of their town with a few of their male friends.

The group decided to tell stories to entertain one another.  The first storyteller told a peculiar story about a crook who lied to a friar on his deathbed, which led to his canonization (made into a saint).  The crook, was described as “the worst man that was ever born.”  He stole, swore, lied, and murdered, but did not confess any of this to the friar on his deathbed.  Instead, he spun a story about how pious he was during his life and how he regretted not being able to do more.  The friar believed the crook, and after his death, told the whole town about the holiness about the man.

At the beginning and end of the story, the narrator called upon God.  I was not sure why the storyteller would do that as it did not seem to have any relevance to the story at the time.  Perhaps it was Boccaccio trying to mock God in an indirect, and confusing, way.

As the book goes on, it is obvious that Boccaccio was not a believer of God.  Almost every story mocks or ridicules God in one way or another.  Many stories blamed incidents on luck or fortune, much like the Greeks would have done.  They gave all credit to luck instead of God.

For example, in one story a pirate is sailing home after his adventures.  When his ship sank because of a storm, he found a floating chest in the water and used it as a buoy.  A poor woman on a nearby island saw the pirate and helped him.  The pirate was despairing over all of the lost treasure that was in the ocean, but he and woman soon discovered that the chest he pirate was using as a buoy was filled with precious gems.

The woman finding him was simply fortune, not the goodwill of God.  The chest being filled with gems was simply luck, not the work of God.

As you can see, Boccaccio wrote the book during a time where God and Christanity was not an idea that would get positive comments from the general public.  From the first story, it was obvious that Boccaccio was not a believer of God when the narrator mocked God’s name.

Thanks for reading!

The Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi and Song of Roland are two different books written during the medieval period.  They are considered to be classic Christian literature.  But do these books give advice or demonstrate how a Christian should have lived during the medieval period?

Personally, I do not think either book provided any kind of advice for Christians who lived during the medieval years.  Even though both were based on true stories, the authors added so many fictional stories that the factual parts were completely lost or forgotten.

The Song of Roland was based on the First Crusade.  For a book that was based on a war, there was no war propaganda whatsoever.  When I started reading the book, I fully expected there to be passages that promoted the war and ‘fighting for the cause.’  However, not only was there no war propaganda, there was no advice for Christians.

I am not sure why Song of Roland is considered to be a classic in Christian literature.  There were no Bible quotes, lessons to Christians, or anything suggesting that the author was a Christian.  If I did not know any better, I would assume the book is another medieval piece of literature that would not meet today’s standard of writing.

In The Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi there were so many ridiculously, fantastical stories that only a fool would read the book and believe any of the stories.  Unlike Song of Roland, the book did give advice, but not advice that a regular Christian could follow.

For example, there were several stories showing how friars and clerics should live.  The book emphasized on living in poverty and humility, as well as suffering like Christ did on the cross.  These stories only applied to those who devoted their whole being to the Church.  Everyday men and women could not follow, the advice given in the book.

The Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi also gave Christians a very pessimistic idea of death.  In several chapters, the book talked about purgatory.  For those who do not know, purgatory is a state after death where you suffer to get rid of your sins.

In the book, many friars, despite living holy and pious lives, were stuck in purgatory and were not released.  If a friar could not leave purgatory, what hope did a normal man or woman have?  In some stories, purgatory was only cleansed of the souls after an extremely holy man died.  Did that mean people had to wait until someone pious died for them to be free of the torture?

As you can see, neither books offered advice to the common Christian.  If I was a Christian in the medieval ages, and I read these books, I would not be very pleased with what I spent my time on.  Especially The Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi.  That book would have scared more than helped.

Thanks for reading!

This week in class, I finished the section on The Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi.  The book told of stories of Saint Francis and his followers.  The principles Saint Francis emphasized to his disciples were very hard for the common man to follow.  For example, the way for people to get into heaven was described as a very gruelling, and not always guaranteed, process. In this essay, I am going to talk about Saint Francis’ version of how to get to heaven and if it was attainable for any common man.

In Saint Francis’ mind, suffering and abject poverty was a huge part of holiness.  For very obvious reasons, every common person could not be in abject poverty, and I doubt anyone would want to suffer all the time.  Many people were unwilling to leave all their progress behind and descend into destitution.  However, Saint Francis was adamant that poverty would guarantee you a spot in heaven.  If I was a common person during this time and I heard Saint Francis say this, I would not have much hope for myself after death.

During the last few chapters that I read, the topic of purgatory was brought up quite a bit.  For those who do not know, purgatory is “an intermediate state after death for expiatory purification.[i]”

There were stories of friars who made great sacrifices and worshipped diligently, but still did not make it to purgatory.  For the common baker or blacksmith, who did not make sacrifices and pray daily, this would give them little to no hope.

As you can see, the expectations for heaven were set extremely high.  The common man would have felt like there was no point in trying to aim for that level of comfort after death.  If I lived during the time of Saint Francis, I would not be feeling too optimistic about reaching heaven.

Thanks for reading!

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[i] “Purgatory.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/purgatory. Accessed 1 Sep. 2022.

This week in class, I read The Little Flowers of St. Francis, which was a biography of the life of Saint Francis, the creator of the Franciscan order.  The poem came out in the 1300s and described the daily life of those who joined the order and some peculiar things the Saint did (like giving sermons to birds).  In this essay I am going to answer the question, if you had been listening to these stories in 1300, what would you have concluded from them is the way to gain eternal life?

In the book, it is obvious that poverty and suffering is a very large part of being in the order.  Saint Francis emphasized poverty quite a bit throughout his life, and it was reflected in the book.  However, he also emphasized how not everyone can be in poverty, or their society would collapse.  The Saint and his followers lived a life of self-denial as a way to pay for their sins.  It is said that they genuinely enjoyed suffering injustices done to them.

Saint Francis also preached about humility.  He said that being humble is something the common man can be in his daily life, unlike the abject poverty the followers of the Franciscan order subjected themselves to.  He also talked about prayer and virtue, as a way to gain knowledge and protection from God as well as to get closer to Him spiritually.

If I was a reader from the 1300s, I would have concluded that the way to eternal life is to either join a group similar to the Franciscan order, or stay humble and close to God in whatever way I can.  From what is described, I doubt anyone, including me, would be overly keen on starting a life of self-deprivation like the ones the Saint and his followers led.

Thanks for reading!

For the past couple of weeks, I have been reading Song of Roland.  It is an epic poem about the battles between Charlemagne, the Frankish king, and the Islamic troops in the Battle of Tours (732 AD).  Throughout the story, there are several discrepancies that make events in the story seem so fantastical that I am completely convinced it is not even a little bit close to the actual event.  As a reader in the 21^st century, and a student of Gary North’s English class, these inconsistencies seem to be disturbingly obvious.  But would they be obvious to readers of the typical listener from 11^th century?

There are several mistakes throughout the poem that, as an author, irks me.

For example, in the beginning of the story, it is said that Charlemagne’s army outnumbers the Muslims.  So much so, that the Muslims were described as being on the ‘brink of defeat.’  However, in a later part of the poem, the story of Roland and Oliver is told.  What puzzles me in this instance, is if why the Muslims chose to wait so long to reveal their 400,000 men.  Where did this number come from?  Did they always exist, or is it only a detail to make the poem more ‘epic’?

Another example, also during the story of Roland and Oliver, is towards the end of the battle, only two men remain: Roland and Archbishop Turpin.  It is said that the archbishop was shot in the heart four times, but still managed to kill 400 Muslims before dying.  I may not be a doctor, but I have enough common sense to know that that is not humanly possible.

I only listed two examples, but there are many more in the poem where people who were described as dead suddenly came back alive (with no explanation) and exaggerated numbers describing the armies with no hint of where all these men came from.

To answer the question I asked above: judging by how popular this poem was, I would say that people either ignored the mistakes or simply did not notice them.  I can see the appeal and wonder of the story for those who lived during the 11^th century, but as a viewer from the 21^st century who is an avid reader of books with consistency, this was not an easy read.

Thanks for reading!

For my final essay for the 10^th Grade English course with the Ron Paul Curriculum, I will be writing a 1000 word essay on the worldviews of the Renaissance and how they can found in literature.  During the past few weeks, I have been reading The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio and The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer.  I will be using these two books as examples of my points during this essay.

The Decameron

The Decameron was written in 1353, only a year after the end of the Black Plague.  During the Black Plague, many started to lose faith in God and Christianity.  People started to think less about God, and more about self-preservation.  Many, including priests and other churchmen, abandoned their towns and families, hoping to escape the vicious claws of the plague.  Any morals people may have had were forgotten if it meant they could survive another day.  Many people believed that God was no longer protecting them, and if that was the case, nothing could save them.  Others believed that God had sent the plague as a way to punish them for some crime they had committed.  Some people gave in and feasted and spent whatever money they had saved, while others tried to escape with a fighting chance.

It is safe to say that this atheistic mindset did not end at the same time of the plague.  Throughout The Decameron, Boccaccio demonstrated time and time again that he did not believe, or trust in, God.  If anything, he seemed to despise Him.

In the first story of the book, seven young maidens ran away from their town to spend the day in an abandoned house.  They told stories to each other to entertain themselves, and in every story God’s name was brought up.  However, His name was not praised.  Every time God was mentioned, it was only to mock or bash Him and the Church.

Many of the stories attributed good fortune to luck or chance.  None of the stories would ever hint that it was God causing all of these “fortuitous” incidents.

The Canterbury Tales

The Canterbury Tales was written in 1392, about 40 years after The Decameron.  Many claim that the book demonstrates a “Christian worldview.”  But I have to disagree.  Throughout the book, God’s name was rarely brought up.  There were no obvious morals or lessons demonstrated in the stories.  The book felt like a compilation of random short stories Chaucer wrote in his free time.  In my opinion, there was nothing relatively close to Christianity in the book.

Unlike The Decameron, the book did not bash the name of God because it did not bring up God at all.  The Decameron, a book written by an obvious atheist, mentioned God’s name more than The Canterbury Tales, which supposedly reflected a Christian mindset.

I do not have much to say about The Canterbury Tales because there was nothing especially interesting or notable in the book.

Worldviews

After reading both books, I think it should be obvious that the worldviews in The Decameron and The Canterbury Tales resembled Greek and Roman literature rather than Christian literature.  Neither books described, or even mentioned ethics and sanctions.  Boccaccio hinted that there were a system of ethics in place in the beginning of The Decameron, but he never talked about it again. 

Both books also demonstrated a common theme of randomness, much like Greek and Roman works would.  Every incident that happened had an odd and rather random cause.  Both Boccaccio and Chaucer made good fortune happen at random times in their stories.

Their explanation for this randomness?  It was simply luck or chance.  Sometimes they even attributed it to fate.  This is another commonality The Decameron and The Canterbury Tales shared with Greek and Roman literature.  The Greeks and Romans had multiple gods, and often attributed good fortune to one of their many gods or other forces like luck or fate.  This is obviously the opposite of Christian literature, where the author would have praised and thanked God when good things happened to the characters.

The Decameron also exhibited negative views of the future.  In one of my previous essays, I talked about Hesiod’s view of mankind and its future.  Hesiod made it obvious that he believed that the human race was getting more evil the longer they stayed on Earth.  He described the people/gods who came before the humans and how pious they were compared to mankind.  Like many of his time, Hesiod did not have much hope for the future of mankind and predicted that the human race would cause their own demise. 

While The Decameron did not state any ideas about the human race ending themselves, it did show helplessness for the future.  I think that this was a very accurate representation of what people’s mindset was during the time period of The Decameron.  Even if a person survived the plague, what would be left for them?  What was there left to live for?  This kind of negative mindset of the future was, unfortunately, common after the plague ended.

A negative mindset for the future is the exact opposite of the Christian worldview. The Christian worldview demonstrated hope for the future because of people’s faith in God and His forgiveness.  However, I think this negative mindset was justified if you consider what was happening during that period.

Personally, I did not think The Canterbury Tales resembled Greek or Roman literature.  However, it definitely did not resemble Christian literature in any way, unlike what many have claimed.  The Canterbury Tales did not seem to exhibit any hints of the author’s worldview and belief system.  Nonetheless, I think it is safe to say that Chaucer was not a Christian and did not intend for his book to be referred to as a piece of Christian literature.

The Decameron and The Canterbury Tales were great works for their time, but they displayed Greek and Roman worldviews and not the Christian values that people used to follow.  I am not surprised by this, however.  Both books were written during a time when people had stopped trusting in God and the Church.  It was not uncommon for people to have hatred towards the Church or simply not want to concern themselves with it.

As you can see, Boccaccio and Chaucer communicated a lot of their values and beliefs through their stories and characters in their books.  Even Chaucer’s book, which admittedly lacked worldview and morals, showed what kind of man he was.  The books were hard to get through after spending the whole course reading works with Christian values, but they were interesting to analyze.  It is incredible what you can find out about a person based on their writings.

Thanks for reading!

This week in class, I read Song of Roland, which is an epic poem that was written during the early 11^th century.  The poem is a dramatized version of the Christian Crusade against the Muslims.  In the story, there are two army generals named Oliver and Roland.  They are written to be opposites of each other.  Roland is described as valiant while Oliver is wise.  In this essay, I am going to compare both of the men’s military goals.

In the poem, Charlemagne agrees to go into negotiations with the Muslim king.  But sends a man named Ganelon to the meeting on his behalf.  However, Ganelon betrays the Franks and makes a deal with the Muslims.  He agrees to help the Muslim king, Marsilie, kill Roland and decides that it would be easier to assassinate him if he is placed at the very end of Charlemagne’s army.

When Ganelon returns from the meeting, he requests that Roland be placed at the end of the procession, and he agrees.  Roland travels at the end of the army with Oliver and twelve knights.

While they are marching, Oliver sees the Muslim army, which is made up of 400,000 men.  They are very obviously outnumbered with only the 20,000 men in the rearguard and the rest of Charlemagne’s army too far ahead of them.

Oliver alerts Roland and urges him to blow the horn, signaling to the armies ahead that they need help.  Roland, however, refuses to call for help.  In his mind, asking for assistance would be shameful and cowardly.

This mistake, as you can guess, leads to the death of all 20,000 men in the rearguard.  Including  Oliver.

As you can see, Roland and Oliver have very different views of what to do during a battle.  Oliver wants to get everyone out alive, no matter what.  Roland is the exact opposite.  I have no doubt that Roland did not intentionally doom his fellow men, but he did not think of getting everyone out alive.  His thoughts are on his reputation and his pride.

Thanks for reading!

This week in class, I started to read medieval Christian hymns that were written over a hundred years ago.  The hymns were created for people who were illiterate, but wanted to follow the Christian ways.  They served as guidance for those who needed or wanted it but could not read the Bible.  In this essay, I am going to discuss if the hymns approved of Christians joining political matters.

Each medieval hymn discussed different topics, like marriage or family.  Common topics were the Holy Trinity, Mother Mary, and martyrs of Christianity.  While the hymns were a great place of advice for those who needed it, they did not answer specific questions, like if Christians could join political affairs.  If you wanted specific questions answered, you would have to learn hymns that were based around that topic and figure the rest out for yourself.

While the hymns never specifically said if you could not join political affairs, they did not specifically encourage it either.  If I was a Christian who followed the hymns, I would join but stay true to the Christian values.  Personally, I think that is the safest way to do anything that you are not sure about.

Thanks for reading!